Who first introduced the concept of keystone species?

The concept of keystone species was first introduced by ecologist Robert Paine in 1969. Paine's research focused on the interdependence of species within an ecosystem, and he demonstrated the crucial role certain species play in maintaining the health and structure of their environments.

He conducted experiments in the intertidal zones of the Pacific Northwest, primarily studying sea stars and their impact on mussel populations. By removing sea stars from these ecosystems, he observed a dramatic change; mussels flourished unchecked, which led to a decline in biodiversity. This highlighted how some species, though not necessarily the most abundant, are essential for maintaining the balance of an ecosystem.

Paine's work has greatly influenced ecological theory, underscoring that the presence or absence of a single species can have far-reaching effects on the entire community structure. This concept is foundational in ecology, providing insights into species interactions and conservation efforts.